📄️ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
ICMP is used for error reporting and diagnostics in IP networks. It communicates network issues such as unreachable hosts, TTL expiry, or congestion.
📄️ Ping
ping is a utility using ICMP Echo Requests to test connectivity between hosts. Useful for latency and packet loss detection.
📄️ Traceroute
traceroute maps the path packets take from source to destination, showing each hop’s IP, latency, and potential network issues. It uses ICMP or UDP probes.
📄️ Netstat
netstat monitors network connections, listening ports, routing tables, and interface statistics. Deprecated on some systems in favor of ss.
📄️ Packet Analysis
Packet analysis inspects raw network traffic to diagnose complex network issues, detect anomalies, or debug protocols. Tools include tcpdump and wireshark.